Abstract
TES (Transform-Expand-Sample) is a versatile class of stochastic sequences defined via an autoregressive scheme with modulo-1 reduction and
additional transformations. The scope of TES encompasses a wide variety
of sample path behaviors, which in turn give rise to autocorrelation functions with diverse functional forms - monotone, oscillatory, alternating,
and others. TES sequences are readily generated on a computer, and their
autocorrelation functions can be numerically computed from accurate
analytical formulas at a modest computational cost.
This paper presents the empirical TES modeling methodology which
uses TES process theory to model empirical records. The novel feature of
the TES methodology is that it expressly aims to simultaneously capture
the empirical marginal distribution (histogram) and autocorrelation function. We draw attention to the non-parametric nature of TES modeling in
that it always guarantees an exact match to the empirical marginal distribution. However, fitting the corresponding autocorrelation function calls
for a heuristic search for a TES model over a large parametric space. Consequently, practical TES modeling of empirical records must currently rely
on software assistance. A visual interactive software environment, called
TEStool, has been designed and implemented to support TES modeling.
The paper describes the empirical TES modeling methodology as implemented in TEStool and provides numerically-computable formulas for
TES autocorrelations. Two examples illustrate the efficacy of the TES
modeling approach. These examples serve to highlight the ability of TES
models to capture first-order and second-order properties of empirical
sample paths and to mimic their qualitative appearance.