Fixed Point Theory and Applications
Volume 2004 (2004), Issue 4, Pages 273-307
doi:10.1155/S1687182004406093

Roots of mappings from manifolds

Abstract

Assume that f:X→Y is a proper map of a connected n-manifold X into a Hausdorff, connected, locally path-connected, and semilocally simply connected space Y, and y0∈Y has a neighborhood homeomorphic to Euclidean n-space. The proper Nielsen number of f at y0 and the absolute degree of f at y0 are defined in this setting. The proper Nielsen number is shown to a lower bound on the number of roots at y0 among all maps properly homotopic to f, and the absolute degree is shown to be a lower bound among maps properly homotopic to f and transverse to y0. When n>2, these bounds are shown to be sharp. An example of a map meeting these conditions is given in which, in contrast to what is true when Y is a manifold, Nielsen root classes of the map have different multiplicities and essentialities, and the root Reidemeister number is strictly greater than the Nielsen root number, even when the latter is nonzero.